Heterogeneous implantable devices for drug delivery

ABSTRACT

The present invention comprises compositions, methods and kits for delivering drugs. The invention provides an implantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to a patient, comprising a core comprising a core polymeric material optionally containing a core pharmaceutical substance, surrounded by a first layer comprising a first-layer pharmaceutical substance and a first-layer polymeric material, optionally surrounded by one or more additional layers comprising an additional pharmaceutical substance and an additional polymeric material, where the core, first, and optional additional polymeric materials may be the same or different, and where the optional core pharmaceutical substance, first-layer pharmaceutical substance, and optional additional pharmaceutical substances are the same or different. Implantation of the device allows a controlled release of drug for an extended period of time. The device may be implanted subcutaneously in an individual in need of continuous treatment with a drug.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims priority benefit of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/314,465, filed Mar. 16, 2010. The entirecontents of that application are hereby incorporated by referenceherein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention provides implantable devices comprising a core comprisinga core polymeric material and an optional core pharmaceutical substance,surrounded by one or more layers comprising a first-layer and additionalpolymeric materials (which may or may not be identical to the first) anda pharmaceutical substance or substances.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many patients require long-term, regular dosing with drugs orpharmaceutical substances, including substances for pain control.Effective treatment often necessitates the ingestion of multiple tabletsper day. Compliance with this dosing scheme is often difficult.Furthermore, enteral drug delivery is sometimes poorly tolerated orprohibited in patients with particular indications. In addition, oraltablets may be subject to abuse or other illicit use. Oral andsublingual delivery can result in plasma concentrations of drug peakingquickly and dropping steeply. Continuous parenteral delivery of drugsubstances is expensive, cumbersome and dependent on the availability ofrefrigeration, catheters, pumps and trained personnel. These methods canresult in poor patient compliance with dosing regimes. Thus, there is aneed for devices which regularly dose patients with drug substances.

Implantable devices may be used for drug delivery. These devices canproduce long-term delivery of dugs, ensuring compliance independent ofthe patient, maintaining stable plasma levels of medication and reducingthe likelihood of abuse or diversion.

Continuous release of a compound in vivo over an extended duration maybe achieved via implantation of a device containing the compoundencapsulated in a polymeric matrix. Examples of implantable polymericdevices for continuous drug release are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,883,666; 5,114,719; and 5,601,835. Patel et al. U.S. PatentApplication Publication Nos. 2004/0033250, 2007/0275031, and2008/0026031, and Kleppner et al. 2006 J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 58:295-302describe an implantable device comprising buprenorphine blended withethylene vinyl acetate (EVA copolymer). Patel et al. U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2005/0031668 describes an implantablepolymeric device for sustained release of nalmefene. Patel et al. U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0031667 describes an implantablepolymeric device for sustained release of dopamine agonists. Additionaldrug delivery devices include stents coated with compositions comprisingdrugs. Various devices and coatings are described in U.S. Pat. No.6,506,437 to Harish; U.S. Pat. No. 7,364,748 to Claude and U.S. Pat. No.7,384,660 to Hossainy. U.S. Pat. No. 3,625,214 describes a drug-deliverydevice for prolonged drug delivery, fabricated in a spiral or“jellyroll” fashion. U.S. Pat. No. 3,926,188 describes a three-layerlaminate drug dispenser comprising a core lamina of a crystalline drugof low water solubility dispersed in a polymer matrix, interposedbetween outer laminas made of a drug release rate controlling polymer.U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,719 describes a controlled release compositioncomprising an extruded core of active material and excipients, the corebeing coated in a water insoluble coating.

Implantable devices are inserted subcutaneously in areas of the body,and may be subject to physical damage. Kleppner et al. 2006 J. Pharm.Pharmacol. 58:295-302 described breakage of devices within the bodies oftreated dogs. Implantable devices comprising EVA (ethyl vinyl acetatecopolymer) and buprenorphine (for treatment of opioid dependence) wereinserted subcutaneously in the backs of test dogs. 70% of the implantshad broken within 10 months. Drug delivery was estimated to increase by5% in implants that broke into two pieces, and 10% in implants thatbroke into three pieces. Thus, breakage of implantable devices wouldinterfere with the regulated dosing and delivery of drug substances.Breakage of the implantable devices may also result in jagged deviceedges which could cause tissue damage and pain to the patient. Finally,breakage of the implantable devices seriously complicates removal of thedevice, as it may be difficult to extract the broken pieces withoutcausing damage to the surrounding tissue.

There is a need for implantable devices which are not subject tobreakage within the body of the patient.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides implantable drug delivery devices ofheterogeneous composition. Various embodiments of the devices canprovide enhanced mechanical strength and/or advantageous drug deliveryproperties.

In one embodiment, the invention encompasses an implantable device fordelivery of a pharmaceutical substance to a patient, comprising a corecomprising a core polymeric material, where the core optionallycomprises a core pharmaceutical substance, surrounded by a first layercomprising a first-layer pharmaceutical substance and a first-layerpolymeric material, optionally surrounded by one or more additionallayers comprising an additional pharmaceutical substance and anadditional polymeric material, where the core, first-layer, andadditional polymeric materials may be the same or different, and wherethe core, first-layer, and additional pharmaceutical substances are thesame or different. In one embodiment, the core does not have a corepharmaceutical substance. In another embodiment, the core does have acore pharmaceutical substance.

In one embodiment, the device is generally rod-shaped and comprises acore comprising a core polymeric material, where the core optionallycomprises a core pharmaceutical substance, surrounded by one or morelayers comprising a first-layer polymeric material, and, if more thanone layer is present, a second-layer polymeric material, a third-layerpolymeric material, through an Nth-layer polymeric material when Nlayers are present (where N is a positive integer), where said layer orlayers may or may not be identical to the core polymer, and where eachlayer comprises a pharmaceutical substance. The core and layers cancomprise the same pharmaceutical substance. The core and layers can allcomprise different pharmaceutical substances. In one embodiment, thecore does not have a core pharmaceutical substance. In anotherembodiment, the core does have a core pharmaceutical substance.

In one embodiment, the invention encompasses an implantable device fordelivery of a pharmaceutical substance to a patient, comprising: a corecomprising a core polymeric material, where the core optionallycomprises a core pharmaceutical substance; and a first layer comprisinga first-layer pharmaceutical substance and a first-layer polymericmaterial surrounding the core; and optionally comprising one or moreadditional layers comprising an additional pharmaceutical substance andan additional polymeric material, where the core, first-layer, and anyadditional polymeric materials are the same or different, and where thecore, first and any additional pharmaceutical substances are the same ordifferent. In one embodiment, the core does not have a corepharmaceutical substance. In another embodiment, the core does have acore pharmaceutical substance.

In one embodiment, the device comprises a core comprising a corepolymeric material and multiple layers comprising a layer polymericmaterial and at least one pharmaceutical substance, where the corepolymeric material and the layer polymeric materials may be the same ormay be different. In one embodiment, the core does not have a corepharmaceutical substance. In another embodiment, the core does have acore pharmaceutical substance.

In one embodiment, the concentration of pharmaceutical substance in thevarious layers varies radially in the device. In another embodiment, theconcentration varies step-wise with the radius of the device. In anotherembodiment, the concentration varies linearly with the radius of thedevice. In another embodiment, the concentration varies both linearly(in some regions) and stepwise (in other regions) of the device. In someembodiments, the concentration of drug in the core is essentially zeropercent; in the surrounding layers the concentration of drug decreaseswith increasing distance from the core, such that the inner-most layercomprises the highest concentration of drug. In one embodiment, theconcentration of drug in the core is essentially 0%; in the inner-mostsurrounding layer, the concentration of drug is about 80%; in the nextlayer, the concentration of drug is about 60%; in the next layer, theconcentration of drug is about 40%; in the outermost layer, theconcentration of drug is about 20%.

In one embodiment, the concentration of pharmaceutical substance in thevarious layers varies radially in the device. In another embodiment, theconcentration varies step-wise with the radius of the device. In anotherembodiment, the concentration varies linearly with the radius of thedevice. In another embodiment, the concentration varies both linearly(in some regions) and stepwise (in other regions) of the device. In someembodiments, the concentration of drug in the core is essentially zeropercent; in the surrounding layers the concentration of drug decreaseswith decreasing distance from the core, such that the inner-most layercomprises the lowest concentration of drug. In one embodiment, theconcentration of drug in the core is essentially 0%; in the inner-mostsurrounding layer, the concentration of drug is about 20%; in the nextlayer, the concentration of drug is about 40%; in the next layer, theconcentration of drug is about 60%; in the outermost layer, theconcentration of drug is about 80%.

In one embodiment, the device comprises a core comprising a corepolymeric material. In one embodiment, the device comprises a corecomprising essentially 100% polymer. In other embodiments, the corecomprises at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, atleast about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or atleast about 95% polymer, where the remainder of the core comprises acore pharmaceutical substance. In another embodiment, the core isrod-like. In another embodiment the core extends the majority of thelength of the device. In another embodiment, the core comprises a lowerconcentration of drug than the layer or layers surrounding it.

In some embodiments, wherein the implantable device comprises thenon-bioerodible polymer EVA, the vinyl acetate content is about 33% byweight. The implantable devices generally comprises about 10% to about85% pharmaceutical substance or substances, often about 50% to about 75%pharmaceutical substance or substances. In one embodiment, the devicecomprises about 50% pharmaceutical substance or substances.

In one embodiment, the device comprises a core comprising at least onenon-erodible polymer, which is surrounded by one or more layerscomprising at least one non-erodible polymer and at least one drug. Inanother embodiment, the device comprises a core comprising at least onenon-erodible polymer, which is surrounded by one or more layerscomprising at least one erodible polymer and at least one drug. Inanother embodiment, the device comprises a core comprising at least oneerodible polymer, which is surrounded by one or more layers comprisingat least one erodible polymer and at least one drug.

Another embodiment of this invention is a method for delivering apharmaceutical substance (or substances) to a patient in need thereof,comprising the step of inserting a device subcutaneously into thepatient, wherein the pharmaceutical substance (or substances) isreleased from the device into the patient.

In any of the above embodiments, the first pharmaceutical substance (orfirst-layer pharmaceutical substance), and any additional pharmaceuticalsubstances (if present), are independently selected from the groupconsisting of anastrozole, apomorphine, beraprost, buprenorphine,buserelin, dutasteride, finasteride, haloperidol, iloprost, L-thyroxine,L-triiodothryonine, leuprolide, lisuride, nalmefene, nicotine,pramipexole, rasagiline, risperidone, ropinerole, rotigotine,selegiline, sirolimus, tacrolimus, tamsulosin, and testosterone.

In one embodiment, the device remains implanted in the patient for atleast about 3 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 9 months,at least about 12 months, at least about 15 months, at least about 18months, at least about 21 months, or at least about 24 months. In oneembodiment, the device is removed from the patient after at least about3 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 9 months, at leastabout 12 months, at least about 15 months, at least about 18 months, atleast about 21 months, or at least about 24 months. In otherembodiments, the device remains implanted in the patient indefinitelyand does not need to be removed.

In another embodiment, the concentration of pharmaceutical substance ineach layer of the device is designed such that an approximately constantor essentially constant amount of pharmaceutical substance is releasedfrom the device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient.

FIG. 2 depicts another embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient.

FIG. 3 depicts another embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient.

FIG. 4 depicts another embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient.

FIG. 5 depicts another embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient.

FIG. 6 illustrates variations in drug concentration among layers of someof the embodiments of the invention, indicating how the concentration ofpharmaceutical substance in the various layers varies with distance fromthe core.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides compositions (i.e., implantable devices),methods, and kits for dosing patients with drug substances. The deviceshave enhanced mechanical strength which prevent device breakage insidethe body. In one embodiment, the device is rod-shaped and contains arod-shaped inner core comprising a high percentage of polymer forstructural integrity. The core is surrounded by one of more layerscomprising the same or a different polymer blended with drug. Themultiple layers can comprise varying concentrations of drug to shape ormaintain the level of drug delivery over time.

Kleppner et al. 2006 J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 58:295-302 describe thebreakage of implantable devices inserted into dogs. These devices wereinserted into the back of each animal, which is a vulnerable locationgiven dogs' rolling behavior. At 10 months after implant, 70% of theimplants were broken. In these devices, the surface area of the two endsequaled approximately 5% of the total surface area. Thus, breaking thedevice into 2 pieces increased the surface area by 5%; breaking thedevice into 3 pieces increased the surface area by 10%. Implantation invulnerable locations in humans would similarly subject the devices tomechanical stress and breakage. This would cause an undesirable increaseor potentially uncontrolled change in drug delivery from the device.There is also the potential for injury to the patient from jagged edgeswhich may result from breakage of the implanted device. Finally,breakage of the implant complicates eventual removal of the device. Itis believed that the mechanical strength of the implant is decreasedover that of the pure polymer due to blending of the polymer with thepharmaceutical substance. Providing an implant with a core having amechanical strength equal to or close to that of the pure polymer canalleviate problems with implant breakage.

A “core polymeric material” as used herein refers to the polymericmaterial from which the core of the device is made. A “first-layerpolymeric material” as used herein refers to the polymeric material fromwhich the first layer of the device is made. Similarly, “second-layerpolymeric material,” “third-layer polymeric material,” and, generally,“Nth-layer polymeric material” refer to the polymeric materialcomprising the second layer of the device (if present), the third layerof the device (if present), and, generally, the polymeric materialcomprising the Nth layer of the device (if present), where N is apositive integer. Blends of two or more polymeric materials can be usedfor the core polymeric material or any of the layer polymeric materials.The core polymeric material and the layer polymeric materials can be thesame polymeric material, different polymeric materials, or some of thecore and layer polymeric materials can be the same while others aredifferent.

A “core pharmaceutical substance” as used herein refers to thepharmaceutical substance (if any) contained in the core of the device. A“first-layer pharmaceutical substance” as used herein refers to thepharmaceutical substance contained in the first layer of the device.Similarly, “second-layer pharmaceutical substance,” “third-layerpharmaceutical substance,” and, generally, “Nth-layer pharmaceuticalsubstance” refer to the pharmaceutical substance in the second layer ofthe device (if present), the third layer of the device (if present),and, generally, the pharmaceutical substance in the Nth layer of thedevice (if present), where N is a positive integer. Blends of two ormore pharmaceutical substances can be used for the core pharmaceuticalsubstance or any of the layer pharmaceutical substances. The corepharmaceutical substance and the layer pharmaceutical substances can bethe same pharmaceutical substance, different pharmaceutical substances,or some of the core and layer pharmaceutical substances can be the samewhile others are different.

“Drug” and “pharmaceutical substance” are equivalent terms and are usedinterchangeably.

The invention provides implantable drug delivery devices ofheterogeneous composition. Various embodiments of the devices comprise acore comprising polymeric material, where the core is essentially freeof drug, or has a sufficiently low concentration of drug such that themechanical strength of the core remains close to that of the purepolymer. Such a core can provide enhanced mechanical strength, canreduce breakage of the devices after implant, and can improve drugdelivery properties of the device.

In one aspect of the invention, the device is generally rod-shaped andcomprises a core comprising a core polymeric material, surrounded by oneor more layers comprising a first-layer polymeric material, and whenmore than one layer is present, a second-layer polymeric materialthrough an Nth-layer polymeric material, where N is a positive integerindicating the total number of layers present, and where the first-layerpolymeric material and any additional layer polymeric materials may ormay not be identical to each other and to the core polymeric material,where the first layer and any additional layers also comprises apharmaceutical substance or substances. In one aspect, the inventionencompasses an implantable device for delivery of a pharmaceuticalsubstance to a patient, comprising a core comprising a core polymericmaterial and, optionally, a core pharmaceutical substance, surrounded bya first layer comprising a first-layer pharmaceutical substance and afirst-layer polymeric material, optionally surrounded by one or moreadditional layers comprising an additional pharmaceutical substance andan additional polymeric material, where the core, first-layer, and anyadditional polymeric materials may be the same or different, and wherethe first and additional pharmaceutical substances may be the same ordifferent.

In one aspect, the device comprises a core comprising a core polymericmaterial and multiple layers comprising a layer-polymeric material andat least one pharmaceutical substance, where the core polymericmaterials and the layer polymeric materials may be the same ordifferent, and where the layer polymeric materials may be the same forall layers, different for all layers, or the same for some layers anddifferent for other layers. The concentration, or average concentration,of pharmaceutical substance in the various layers varies radially in thedevice. In another embodiment, the concentration varies step-wise withthe radius of the device. In another embodiment, the concentrationvaries linearly with the radius of the device. In another embodiment,the concentration varies both linearly (in some regions) and stepwise(in other regions) of the device. In some embodiments, the concentrationof drug in the core is essentially zero percent; in the surroundinglayers the concentration of drug decreases with distance from the core,such that the inner-most layer comprises the highest concentration ofdrug. In one embodiment, the concentration of drug in the core isessentially 0%; in the inner-most surrounding layer, the concentrationof drug is about 80%; in the next layer, the drug is 60%; in the nextlayer, the drug is about 40%; in the outermost layer, the drug is about20%. In this text, the terminology “concentration” of a drug in a layeror in the core is meant to mean the “average concentration” of the drugin the layer, or in the core, that is referred to; the core or anindividual layer may contain the same concentration of drug throughout,or may have a gradient or other non-uniformity of concentration.

The most convenient way of formulating a device where the concentrationof pharmaceutical substance (or substances) varies step-wise with theradius of the device is to provide multiple layers with differentconcentrations of the pharmaceutical substance in each layer. Severalsuch embodiments are illustrated in FIG. 6, where the step-wise natureof the changing concentration of drug corresponds to the concentrationof drug in the different layers of the device.

In one aspect, the device comprises a core comprising mostly polymer(the “core polymer”) and no or only a small percentage of drug, forexample, up to approximately 5%, up to approximately 10%, up toapproximately 20%, up to approximately 25%, up to approximately 30%, upto approximately 40%, or up to approximately 50% drug. In oneembodiment, the device comprises a core comprising essentially 100%polymer. In other embodiments, the core comprises about or at leastabout 50% polymer and about or at most about 50% drug, about or at leastabout 60% polymer and about or at most about 40% drug, about or at leastabout 70% polymer and about or at most about 30% drug, about or at leastabout 75% polymer and about or at most about 25% drug, about or at leastabout 80% polymer and about or at most about 20% drug, about or at leastabout 85% polymer and about or at most about 15% drug, about or at leastabout 90% polymer and about or at most about 10% drug, about or at leastabout 95% polymer and about or at most about 5% drug, about or at leastabout 96% polymer and about or at most about 4% drug, about or at leastabout 97% polymer and about or at most about 3% drug, about or at leastabout 98% polymer and about or at most about 2% drug, or about or atleast about 99% polymer and about or at most about 1% drug, or 100%polymer or about 100% polymer. In another embodiment, the core isrod-like or cylindrical. In another embodiment, the core is rod-like orcylindrical, and is rounded at either end, that is, capped by ahemisphere, oblate hemisphere, oblate hemispheroid, or ellipsoid havingabout the same diameter as the rod-like or cylindrical portion of thecore. The portions of the device capping the ends of the rod can beessentially 100% polymer, or can contain the same percentage of polymerand drug as in the core of the device, or can comprises about or atleast about 50% polymer and about or at most about 50% drug, about or atleast about 60% polymer and about or at most about 40% drug, about or atleast about 70% polymer and about or at most about 30% drug, about or atleast about 75% polymer and about or at most about 25% drug, about or atleast about 80% polymer and about or at most about 20% drug, about or atleast about 85% polymer and about or at most about 15% drug, about or atleast about 90% polymer and about or at most about 10% drug, about or atleast about 95% polymer and about or at most about 5% drug, about or atleast about 96% polymer and about or at most about 4% drug, about or atleast about 97% polymer and about or at most about 3% drug, about or atleast about 98% polymer and about or at most about 2% drug, or about orat least about 99% polymer and about or at most about 1% drug. Inanother embodiment the core extends the majority of the length of thedevice. In another embodiment, the core comprises a lower concentrationof drug than the layer or layers surrounding it. In another embodiment,the core comprises a higher concentration of drug than the layer orlayers surrounding it.

In some aspects, wherein the implantable device comprises EVA, the vinylacetate content is about 33% by weight. The implantable devicesgenerally comprises about 10% to about 85%, often about 50% to 75% drug.In one embodiment, the device comprises about 50% drug.

In another aspect, the drug substance is blended with the polymer todetermine the strength of the polymer-drug mixture. An amount of drugand polymer is blended, a rod the size of the core of the intendeddevice is fabricated, and the breaking point of the rod is measured.Bending or flexure strength is measured; compressive, tensile, shear,and torsion strength can also be measured. International Organizationfor Standardization or American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)standards can be used to test these properties, such as ASTM D790 or ISO178 (bending/flexure), ASTM D695 or ISO 604 (compressive), ASTM D638(tensile), and ISO 537 or ISO 6721-2 (shear modulus under torsion). Inone embodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 20%of the bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength ofthe pure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In anotherembodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 25% ofthe bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength of thepure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In anotherembodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 30% ofthe bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength of thepure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In anotherembodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 40% ofthe bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength of thepure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In anotherembodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 50% ofthe bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength of thepure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In anotherembodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 60% ofthe bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength of thepure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In anotherembodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 70% ofthe bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength of thepure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In anotherembodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 75% ofthe bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength of thepure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In anotherembodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 80% ofthe bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength of thepure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In anotherembodiment, the polymer/drug substance blend has at least about 90% ofthe bending, compressive, tensile, shear, or torsional strength of thepure polymer (polymer unblended with drug substance). In theaforementioned embodiments, a preferred measure of strength is bending(flexure) strength.

In one aspect, the device comprises a core comprising at least onenon-erodible polymer, which is surrounded by one or more layerscomprising at least one non-erodible polymer and at least one drug. Inanother embodiment, the device comprises a core comprising at least onenon-erodible polymer, which is surrounded by one or more layerscomprising at least one erodible polymer and at least one drug. Inanother embodiment, the device comprises a core comprising at least oneerodible polymer, which is surrounded by one or more layers comprisingat least one erodible polymer and at least one drug.

Another aspect of this invention is a method for delivering apharmaceutical substance to a patient in need thereof, comprising thestep of inserting a device subcutaneously into the patient, wherein thepharmaceutical substance is released from the device into the patient.

In one aspect, the device remains implanted in the patient for at leastabout 3 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 9 months, atleast about 12 months, at least about 15 months, at least about 18months, at least about 21 months, or at least about 24 months.

In another aspect, the concentration of pharmaceutical substance in eachlayer of the device is designed such that a steady-state level orapproximately constant level or essentially constant level ofpharmaceutical substance is released into the patient. In anotheraspect, the devices provide a steady-state level or approximatelyconstant level or essentially constant level of pharmaceutical substancein the plasma of the patient.

In one embodiment, the invention comprises a rod-shaped core comprisinga polymer with essentially no pharmaceutical substance. This core issurrounded by a single layer comprising a polymer and a pharmaceuticalsubstance. In one embodiment of this type, the rod is about 2 to about 3cm in length, e.g., about 2.6 cm, and about 2 mm to about 3 mm indiameter; the single layer is about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm in thickness,and the core is about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm in diameter. In oneembodiment, both the core and the single layer comprise the samepolymer, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In anotherembodiment, the core comprises a polymer, for example, ethylene vinylacetate (EVA); the layer comprises a different polymer, e.g., abioerodible polymer such as PLGA. The single layer comprises about 10%to about 90% of a pharmaceutical substance, for example, anastrozole,apomorphine, beraprost, buprenorphine, buserelin, dutasteride,finasteride, haloperidol, iloprost, L-thyroxine, L-triiodothryonine,leuprolide, lisuride, nalmefene, nicotine, pramipexole, rasagiline,risperidone, ropinerole, rotigotine, selegiline, sirolimus, tacrolimus,tamsulosin, or testosterone. In one embodiment, the pharmaceuticalsubstance is buprenorphine.

In one embodiment, the invention comprises a rod-shaped core comprisinga polymer with essentially no pharmaceutical substance. This core issurrounded by two layers comprising a polymer and a pharmaceuticalsubstance. In one embodiment of this type, the rod is about 2 to about 3cm in length, e.g., about 2.6 cm, and about 2 mm to about 5 mm indiameter; each layer is about 0.5 to about 1 mm in thickness, and thecore is about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm in diameter. In one embodiment, thecore and both layers all comprise the same polymer, for example,ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In another embodiment, the core comprisesa polymer, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA); the layerscomprise a different polymer, e.g., a bioerodible polymer such as PLGA.Both layers comprise a pharmaceutical substance, which may be the samesubstance in each layer or different substances in each layer, forexample, a substance independently selected from anastrozole,apomorphine, beraprost, buprenorphine, buserelin, dutasteride,finasteride, haloperidol, iloprost, L-thyroxine, L-triiodothryonine,leuprolide, lisuride, nalmefene, nicotine, pramipexole, rasagiline,risperidone, ropinerole, rotigotine, selegiline, sirolimus, tacrolimus,tamsulosin, or testosterone. The layers can independently comprise about10% to about 90% of the pharmaceutical substance(s). In one embodiment,both layers contain the same pharmaceutical substance, and the outermostlayer comprises a lower concentration of the pharmaceutical substancethan the innermost layer; e.g., the outermost layer comprises about 10%to about 90% of a pharmaceutical substance and the innermost layercomprises about 10% to about 90% of the pharmaceutical substance, wherethe outermost layer comprises a lower concentration of thepharmaceutical substance than the innermost layer. In one suchembodiment, the pharmaceutical substance in both layers isbuprenorphine.

In one embodiment, the invention comprises a rod-shaped core comprisinga polymer with essentially no pharmaceutical substance. The core issurrounded by three layers comprising a polymer and a pharmaceuticalsubstance. In one embodiment of this type, the rod is about 2 to about 3cm in length, e.g., about 2.6 cm, and about 3 mm to about 7 mm indiameter; each layer is about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm in thickness, and thecore is about 0.5 to about 2 mm in diameter. In one embodiment, the coreand all the layers all comprise the same polymer, for example, ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA). In another embodiment, the core comprises apolymer, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA); the layers comprisea different polymer, e.g., a bioerodible polymer such as PLGA. All thelayers comprise a pharmaceutical substance which may be the samesubstance in each layer, different substances in each layer, or the samein two of the layers and different in the third layer, for example, asubstance independently selected from anastrozole, apomorphine,beraprost, buprenorphine, buserelin, dutasteride, finasteride,haloperidol, iloprost, L-thyroxine, L-triiodothryonine, leuprolide,lisuride, nalmefene, nicotine, pramipexole, rasagiline, risperidone,ropinerole, rotigotine, selegiline, sirolimus, tacrolimus, tamsulosin,or testosterone. The layers can independently comprise about 10% toabout 90% of the pharmaceutical substance(s). In one embodiment, eachlayer contains the same pharmaceutical substance, but the layers differin the concentration of the pharmaceutical substance, such that theaverage concentration of the pharmaceutical substance in each layerdecreases with increasing distance from the core. Thus the outermostlayer comprises about 10% to about 90% of the pharmaceutical substance,while the middle layer comprises about 10% to about 90% of thepharmaceutical substance, and the innermost layer comprises about 10% toabout 90% of the pharmaceutical substance, subject to the condition thatthe outer layer has a lower concentration of pharmaceutical substancethan the middle layer, while the inner layer (adjacent to the core) hasa higher concentration of pharmaceutical substance than the middlelayer. In one such embodiment, the pharmaceutical substance in all threelayers is buprenorphine.

In one embodiment, the invention comprises a rod-shaped core comprisinga polymer with essentially no pharmaceutical substance. The core issurrounded by four layers comprising a polymer and a pharmaceuticalsubstance. In one embodiment of this type, the rod is about 2 cm toabout 3 cm in length, e.g., about 2.6 cm, and about 4 mm to about 9 mmin diameter; each layer is about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm in thickness, andthe core is about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm in thickness. In one embodiment,the core and all the layers all comprise the same polymer, for example,ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In another embodiment, the core comprisesa polymer, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA); the layerscomprise a different polymer, e.g., a bioerodible polymer such as PLGA.All the layers comprise a pharmaceutical substance, for example, asubstance independently selected from anastrozole, apomorphine,beraprost, buprenorphine, buserelin, dutasteride, finasteride,haloperidol, iloprost, L-thyroxine, L-triiodothryonine, leuprolide,lisuride, nalmefene, nicotine, pramipexole, rasagiline, risperidone,ropinerole, rotigotine, selegiline, sirolimus, tacrolimus, tamsulosin,or testosterone. The layers can independently comprise about 10% toabout 90% of the pharmaceutical substance(s). In one embodiment, eachlayer contains the same pharmaceutical substance, but the layers differin the concentration of the pharmaceutical substance, such that theaverage concentration of the pharmaceutical substance in each layerdecreases with increasing distance from the core. Thus the outermostlayer comprises about 10% to about 90% of the pharmaceutical substance,the second-outermost layer comprises about 10% to about 90% of thepharmaceutical substance, the third-outermost layer comprises about 10%to about 90%, of the pharmaceutical substance and the innermost layer(adjacent to the core) comprises about 10% to about 90% of thepharmaceutical substance, subject to the condition that the outermostlayer has a concentration of the pharmaceutical substance lower than theconcentration in the second-outermost layer, the second-outermost layerhas a concentration of the pharmaceutical substance lower than theconcentration in the third-outermost layer, and the third-outermostlayer has a concentration of the pharmaceutical substance lower than theinnermost layer (adjacent to the core). In one such embodiment, thepharmaceutical substance in all four layers is buprenorphine.

In one embodiment, the invention comprises a rod-shaped core comprisinga polymer with essentially no pharmaceutical substance. The core issurrounded by five layers comprising a polymer and a pharmaceuticalsubstance. In one embodiment of this type, the rod is about 2 cm toabout 3 cm in length, e.g., about 2.6 cm, and about 5 mm to about 10 mmin diameter; each layer is about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm in thickness, andthe core is about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm in thickness. In one embodiment,the core and all the layers all comprise the same polymer, for example,ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In another embodiment, the core comprisesa polymer, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA); the layerscomprise a different polymer, e.g., a bioerodible polymer such as PLGA.All the layers comprise a pharmaceutical substance, for example, asubstance independently selected from anastrozole, apomorphine,beraprost, buprenorphine, buserelin, dutasteride, finasteride,haloperidol, iloprost, L-thyroxine, L-triiodothryonine, leuprolide,lisuride, nalmefene, nicotine, pramipexole, rasagiline, risperidone,ropinerole, rotigotine, selegiline, sirolimus, tacrolimus, tamsulosin,or testosterone. The layers can independently comprise about 10% toabout 90% of the pharmaceutical substance(s). In one embodiment, eachlayer contains the same pharmaceutical substance, but the layers differin the concentration of the pharmaceutical substance, such that theaverage concentration of the pharmaceutical substance in each layerdecreases with increasing distance from the core. Thus the outermostlayer comprises about 10% to about 90% of the pharmaceutical substance,the second-outermost layer comprises about 10% to about 90% of thepharmaceutical substance, the third-outermost layer comprises about 10%to about 90%, of the pharmaceutical substance and the innermost layer(adjacent to the core) comprises about 10% to about 90% of thepharmaceutical substance, subject to the condition that the outermostlayer has a concentration of the pharmaceutical substance lower than theconcentration in the second-outermost layer, the second-outermost layerhas a concentration of the pharmaceutical substance lower than theconcentration in the third-outermost layer, the third-outermost layerhas a concentration of the pharmaceutical substance lower than thefourth-outermost layer, and the fourth-outermost layer has aconcentration of the pharmaceutical substance lower than the innermostlayer (adjacent to the core). In one such embodiment, the pharmaceuticalsubstance in all five layers is buprenorphine.

In additional embodiments, the invention can comprise additional layers,each layer having a decreasing concentration of pharmaceutical substanceas the distance from the core increases, in a manner similar to thatdescribed above.

In any of the above embodiments, one or more of the layers can benon-bioerodible. In any of the above embodiments, all of the layers canbe non-bioerodible. In any of the above embodiments, the core can benon-bioerodible. In any of the above embodiments, the core and one ormore of the layers can be non-bioerodible, with the proviso that nonon-bioerodible material is external to a bioerodible layer or abioerodible core (i.e., if the device has any bioerodible layers, thenany additional layers which are external to that layer must bebioerodible; equivalently, if the device has any non-bioerodible layers,then any bioerodible layers are located external to that layer, that is,the bioerodible layers are farther from the core than anynon-bioerodible layers. This condition also requires all layers to bebioerodible if the core is bioerodible). In any of the aboveembodiments, the core and all of the layers can be non-bioerodible.

In any of the above embodiments, one or more of the layers can bebioerodible. In any of the above embodiments, all of the layers can bebioerodible, while the core is non-bioerodible. In any of the aboveembodiments, the core and each of the one or more layers arebioerodible.

In any of the above embodiments, one or more of the layers can comprisea mixture of a bioerodible polymer and a non-bioerodible polymer. Themixture can be blended together prior to extruding in the same layer.Alternatively, the mixture can be co-extruded into the same layer at thetime of forming the layer. In various embodiments, the proportion ofbioerodible polymer to non-erodible polymer in the mixed layer can beabout 10% bioerodible and 90% non-erodible, about 20% bioerodible and80% non-erodible, about 25% bioerodible and 75% non-erodible, about 30%bioerodible and 70% non-erodible, about 33% bioerodible and 67%non-erodible, about 40% bioerodible and 60% non-erodible, about 50%bioerodible and 50% non-erodible, about 60% bioerodible and 40%non-erodible, about 67% bioerodible and 33% non-erodible, about 70%bioerodible and 30% non-erodible, about 75% bioerodible and 25%non-erodible, about 80% bioerodible and 20% non-erodible, or about 90%bioerodible and 10% non-erodible. In one embodiment, the bioerodiblepolymer is chosen from any of the bioerodible polymers recited elsewherein this specification. In one embodiment, the non-erodible polymer ischosen from any of the non-erodible polymers recited elsewhere in thisspecification. In any of the foregoing embodiments of mixed layers, thebioerodible polymer can be PLGA. In any of the foregoing embodiments ofmixed layers, the non-erodible polymer can be EVA. In any of theforegoing embodiments of mixed layers, the bioerodible polymer can bePLGA and the non-erodible polymer can be EVA. When a layer is used whichcomprises a mixture of a bioerodible polymer and a non-bioerodiblepolymer, any layers external to that mixed layer are either bioerodibleor mixed bioerodible/non-erodible.

In one embodiment, the invention comprises a rod-shaped core comprisinga polymer with essentially no pharmaceutical substance. This core issurrounded by two layers comprising a polymer and a pharmaceuticalsubstance. In one embodiment of this type, the rod is about 2 cm toabout 3 cm in length, e.g., about 2.6 cm, and about 2 mm to about 5 mmin diameter; each layer is about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm in thickness, andthe core is about 0.5 mm to 2 mm in diameter. In one embodiment, thecore and all the layers all comprise the same polymer, for example,ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In another embodiment, the core comprisesa polymer, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA); the layerscomprises a different polymer, e.g., a bioerodible polymer such as PLGA,and each layer comprises the same bioerodible polymer. Both layerscomprise a pharmaceutical substance, for example, a substanceindependently selected from anastrozole, apomorphine, beraprost,buprenorphine, buserelin, dutasteride, finasteride, haloperidol,iloprost, L-thyroxine, L-triiodothryonine, leuprolide, lisuride,nalmefene, nicotine, pramipexole, rasagiline, risperidone, ropinerole,rotigotine, selegiline, sirolimus, tacrolimus, tamsulosin, ortestosterone. In one embodiment, both layers contain the samepharmaceutical substance, and the outermost layer comprises a higherconcentration of the pharmaceutical substance than the innermost layer;e.g., the outermost layer comprises about 10% to about 90% of apharmaceutical substance and the innermost layer comprises about 10% toabout 90% of the pharmaceutical substance, where the outermost layercomprises a higher concentration of the pharmaceutical substance thanthe innermost layer. In one such embodiment, the pharmaceuticalsubstance in both layers is buprenorphine. Optionally, this embodimentcan comprise additional layers comprising polymer and pharmaceuticalsubstance; in this case, the outermost layer comprises the highestconcentration of pharmaceutical substance, with each more inner layercomprising a lower level of drug. This is illustrated in FIG. 6E. Thisconfiguration allows an initial high rate of drug release into thepatient over a certain period, and thus a higher initial serum orsystemic level of drug, followed by a decreasing release rate over timewhich results in a lower subsequent serum or systemic level of drug,which gradually decreases over a period of time. In another embodiment,wherein the outermost layer also comprises the highest concentration ofdrug, the inner-more layers can comprise approximately equalconcentrations of drug, yet all lower than the outermost layer. Thiswill allow an initial high rate of drug release into the patient over acertain period, and thus a higher initial serum or systemic level ofdrug, followed by a lower, essentially steady-state level of drug over aperiod of time.

In additional embodiments, the invention can comprise additional layers,each layer having an increasing concentration of pharmaceuticalsubstance as the distance from the core increases.

In one embodiment, the invention comprises a rod-shaped core comprisinga polymer with essentially no pharmaceutical substance. This core issurrounded by a single layer comprising a polymer and a pharmaceuticalsubstance. Finally, the single layer is surrounded by a layer ofessentially pure pharmaceutical substance. In one embodiment of thistype, the rod is about 2 to about 3 cm in length, e.g., about 2.6 cm,and about 2 mm to about 3 mm in diameter; the single layer is about 0.5mm to about 1 mm in thickness, and the core is about 0.5 mm to about 2mm in diameter, while the thickness of the layer of pure drug isdetermined by the amount of pure drug to be used. In one embodiment,both the core and the single layer comprise the same polymer, forexample, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In another embodiment, the corecomprises a polymer, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA); thelayer comprises a different polymer, e.g., a bioerodible polymer such asPLGA. The single layer comprises about 10% to about 90% of apharmaceutical substance, for example, anastrozole, apomorphine,beraprost, buprenorphine, buserelin, dutasteride, finasteride,haloperidol, iloprost, L-thyroxine, L-triiodothryonine, leuprolide,lisuride, nalmefene, nicotine, pramipexole, rasagiline, risperidone,ropinerole, rotigotine, selegiline, sirolimus, tacrolimus, tamsulosin,or testosterone. The layer of pure drug comprises about 100% of apharmaceutical substance, independently selected from, for example,anastrozole, apomorphine, beraprost, buprenorphine, buserelin,dutasteride, finasteride, haloperidol, iloprost, L-thyroxine,L-triiodothryonine, leuprolide, lisuride, nalmefene, nicotine,pramipexole, rasagiline, risperidone, ropinerole, rotigotine,selegiline, sirolimus, tacrolimus, tamsulosin, or testosterone. In oneembodiment, the pharmaceutical substance in both the single layer andthe layer of pure drug is buprenorphine.

In additional embodiments, the invention can comprise additional layers,each layer having an increasing concentration of pharmaceuticalsubstance as the distance from the core increases, with a layer ofessentially pure pharmaceutical substance on the outside of the device.This configuration allows an initial high rate of drug release into thepatient over a certain period, and thus a higher initial serum orsystemic level of drug.

In one aspect, the invention provides an implantable device fordelivering a pharmaceutical substance, comprising the substance and abiocompatible polymeric matrix. The drug is encapsulated within thematrix, and the implantable device is subcutaneously implanted in amammal such as a dog or cat or human being. The pharmaceutical substanceis continuously released from the device over a sustained period of timethrough pores that open in the surface of the matrix. The drug isdelivered, for example, at a rate of at least about 0.1 mg per day,generally in the range of about 0.1 to about 5 mg per day. In someembodiments, the steady state rate of drug release is about 0.3 mg perday. The rate of drug release, which is determined by the size and otherphysical parameters of the device, implant location, and concentrationof drug in various layers of the implant, can be tailored to provide adesired dosage in relation to a patient's ailment, physical conditionand weight or body surface area.

Various non-limiting embodiments of the invention are depicted in FIGS.1 to 6. FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient, comprising: a core 10 comprising a core polymeric material; anda first layer 11 comprising a first-layer pharmaceutical substance and afirst-layer polymeric material surrounding the core, where the corepolymeric material and the first-layer polymeric material are the sameor different. The core and the first layer may thus comprise the same ordifferent polymeric materials. If the core contains pharmaceuticalsubstance, the core and the first layer may comprise the samepharmaceutical substance or different pharmaceutical substances.

FIG. 2 depicts another embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient, comprising: a core 20 comprising a core polymeric material; anda first layer 21 comprising a first-layer pharmaceutical substance and afirst-layer polymeric material surrounding the core; and a second layer22 comprising a second-layer pharmaceutical substance and a second-layerpolymeric material, where the core, first-layer, and second-layerpolymeric materials are the same or different, and where the first-layerand second-layer pharmaceutical substances are the same or different.The core and each layer may thus comprise the same or differentpolymeric materials. Each layer may comprise the same pharmaceuticalsubstance or different pharmaceutical substances. If the core containspharmaceutical substance, the core and each layer may comprise the samepharmaceutical substance or different pharmaceutical substances.

FIG. 3 depicts another embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient, comprising: a core 30 comprising a core polymeric material; anda first layer 31 comprising a first-layer pharmaceutical substance and afirst-layer polymeric material surrounding the core; and a second layer32 comprising a second-layer pharmaceutical substance and a second-layerpolymeric material, and an additional layer 33 comprising a third-layerpharmaceutical substance and a third-layer polymeric material, where thecore, first-layer, second-layer and third-layer polymeric materials arethe same or different, and where the first-layer, second-layer andthird-layer pharmaceutical substances are the same or different. Thecore and each layer may thus comprise the same or different polymericmaterials. Each layer may comprise the same pharmaceutical substance ordifferent pharmaceutical substances. If the core contains pharmaceuticalsubstance, the core and each layer may comprise the same pharmaceuticalsubstance or different pharmaceutical substances.

FIG. 4 depicts another embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient, comprising: a core 40 comprising a core polymeric material; anda first layer 41 comprising a first-layer pharmaceutical substance and afirst-layer polymeric material surrounding the core; and a second layer42 comprising a second-layer pharmaceutical substance and a second-layerpolymeric material, a third layer 43 comprising a third-layerpharmaceutical substance and a third-layer polymeric material, and afourth layer 44 comprising a fourth-layer pharmaceutical substance and afourth-layer polymeric material, where the core, first-layer,second-layer, third-layer, and fourth-layer polymeric materials are thesame or different, and where the first-layer, second-layer, third-layer,and fourth-layer pharmaceutical substances are the same or different.The core and each layer may thus comprise the same or differentpolymeric materials. Each layer may comprise the same pharmaceuticalsubstance or different pharmaceutical substances. If the core containspharmaceutical substance, the core and each layer may comprise the samepharmaceutical substance or different pharmaceutical substances.

FIG. 5 depicts another embodiment of the invention, encompassing animplantable device for delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to apatient, comprising: a core 50 comprising a core polymeric material; anda first layer 51 comprising a first-layer pharmaceutical substance and afirst-layer polymeric material surrounding the core; and a second layer52 comprising an second-layer pharmaceutical substance and asecond-layer polymeric material, a third layer 53 comprising athird-layer pharmaceutical substance and a third-layer polymericmaterial, a fourth layer 54 comprising a fourth-layer pharmaceuticalsubstance and a fourth-layer polymeric material, and a fifth layer 55comprising a fifth-layer pharmaceutical substance and fifth-layerpolymeric material, where the core, first, second, third, fourth, andfifth polymeric materials are the same or different, and where thefirst, second, third, fourth, and fifth pharmaceutical substances arethe same or different. The core and each layer may thus comprise thesame or different polymeric materials. Each layer may comprise the samepharmaceutical substance or different pharmaceutical substances. If thecore contains pharmaceutical substance, the core and each layer maycomprise the same pharmaceutical substance or different pharmaceuticalsubstances.

FIG. 6 diagrams several embodiments of the invention, in which theconcentration of pharmaceutical substance in the various layers varieswith varying distance from the core. In the embodiment depicted in FIG.6A, the invention comprises a core comprising essentially no drug, withone layer (Layer 1) comprising a high percentage of drug (approximately80 to approximately 90%). In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6B, theinvention comprises a core comprising essentially no drug, with onelayer (Layer 1) comprising a high percentage of drug (approximately 80to approximately 90%), surrounded by an outermost layer (Layer 2)comprising a lower concentration of drug than Layer 1 (approximately 60to 70%). In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6C, the invention comprisesa core comprising essentially no drug, with one layer (Layer 1)comprising a higher percentage of drug (approximately 80 toapproximately 90%), surrounded by another layer (Layer 2) comprising alower concentration of drug than Layer 1 (approximately 60 toapproximately 70%), surrounded by an outermost layer (Layer 3),comprising a concentration of drug lower than Layer 2 (approximately50%). In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6D, the invention comprises acore comprising essentially no drug, surrounded by a layer (Layer 1)comprising a higher percentage of drug (approximately 80 toapproximately 90%), surrounded by another layer (Layer 2), comprising aconcentration of drug lower than Layer 1 (approximately 60 toapproximately 70%), surrounded by another layer (Layer 3), comprising aconcentration of drug lower than Layer 2 (approximately 50%), surroundedby an outermost layer (Layer 4) comprising a concentration of drug lowerthan Layer 3 (approximately 30 to approximately 40%). In the embodimentdepicted in FIG. 6E, the invention comprises a core comprisingessentially no drug, surrounded by a layer (Layer 1) comprising a lowlevel of drug (approximately 30 to approximately 40%), surrounded by alayer (Layer 2) comprising a higher level of drug (approximately 50%),surrounded by a layer (Layer 3) comprising a still higher level of drug(approximately 60 to approximately 70%), surrounded by an outermostlayer (Layer 4) comprising a still higher percentage of drug(approximately 80 to approximately 90%). In this last embodiment, eachsuccessive layer comprises an increasing percentage of pharmaceuticalsubstance with increasing distance from the core, with the highestpercentage of drug in the outermost layer.

Manufacture of the Devices

In some embodiments, the implantable devices can be produced by anextrusion process. The drug substance can be prepared by milling (e.g.,ball-milling, impact-milling), spray-drying, solvent precipitation,screening or other method or combination of methods known in the art toproduce fine particles. The drug can be combined with a polymer which isalso prepared as fine particles. The blended mixture can be extruded,e.g., via Microtruder screw extruder, Model No. RCP-025, RandcastleExtrusion Systems, Cedar Grove, N.J., or via other extrusion devicesknown in the industry. The diameter of extrusion, as well astemperature, pressure and other parameters can be controlled asappropriate for each drug.

In another embodiment, a core comprising polymer can be formed, e.g., byextrusion, which is then coated with one or more layers comprisingpolymer and drug via a dip coating or spray coating method. A solventevaporation technique may be used to mix the polymer and drug in asolvent. The solution comprising polymer, drug and solvent can then beapplied to the surface of the core by either dipping or spraying. Theresultant composition is then subjected to a drying process, duringwhich the solvent is evaporated, and the polymeric material, with thedrug dispersed therein, forms a thin film or layer on the core. Thisprocedure can be repeated with various solutions of the same ordiffering concentrations of drug and polymer to deposit additionallayers on the composition. As is known in the art, devices comprisingmultiple layers may be produced by any combination of extrusion andcoating.

The extrudate can be extruded horizontally and collected for furtherprocessing. The extrudate can be cut into desirable lengths, e.g., fromabout 1 to about 3 cm. The extrudate can then be washed in any solventin which the drug or drugs dissolve, and then dried and packaged.

Devices with multiple layers can be produced by co-extrusion methodsknown in the art, for example, by the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,063,018 (for manufacturing catheters with a lumen), or U.S. Pat. Nos.4,832,589, 4,379,117, 3,880,691, and 3,337,665. Multi-manifold dies,such as multi-manifold dies using feedblock co-extrusion, are known inthe art for producing multi-layered materials.

Physical Parameters of the Devices

In some embodiments, devices comprise dimensions of about 0.5 to about 7mm in diameter. In some embodiments the devices are about 0.5 to 10 cmin length. In one embodiment, the device is from about 1 to about 3 cmin length. In one embodiment, the device is about 2 cm to about 3 cm inlength. In another embodiment, the device is about 2.6 cm in length. Inone embodiment, the device is about 1 to about 3 mm in diameter. Inanother embodiment, the device is about 2 to about 3 mm in diameter. Inone embodiment, the device is about 2.4 mm in diameter. In someembodiments in which devices comprises dimensions of about 2.4 mm intotal diameter and about 2.6 cm in total length, the devices eachrelease 1 mg of pharmaceutical substance per day.

In some embodiments, the core comprising a polymeric material and thelayer or layers comprising a polymeric material and a drug are eachindependently about 0.5 to about 7 mm in diameter or thickness. In oneembodiment, the core and layer or layers are each independently about0.5 to about 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the core and layer or layersare each independently about 0.5 to about 2 mm. In another embodiment,the core and layer or layers are each independently about 1 to about 2mm. The thickness or diameter of the core may vary from the thickness ofthe layer or layers. If multiple layers are present, each layer may havethe same thickness as the other layers, or each layer may have adifferent thickness from the other layers, or some layers may have thesame thickness as other layers while some layers may have a differentthickness from other layers. By “thickness” of a layer is meant thedistance, as measured from the center of the device, between the startof the layer and the end of the layer; for example, for a cylindricaldevice with regular, annular layers, a layer that starts at 2 mm fromthe center and that ends at 3.5 mm from the center has a thickness of1.5 mm.

Although the device may be illustrated as having a core and one or morelayers which are cylindrical or annular in cross-section, it isunderstood that the cross-section of the core and one or more layers maybe oval, polygonal, star-shaped, irregular, or of uneven thickness.

In some embodiments, the various layers comprising a polymer and drugmay comprise different polymers, or mixtures thereof, and differentdrugs or mixtures thereof.

Drug Release

The release of drug from the device is dependent on the rate ofdissolution and on passive diffusion through the polymer matrix.Therefore, the surface area of the implant determines the rate ofrelease. The release mechanism of the drug from the polymeric materialalso depends on the nature of the polymer and the drug. The drugdiffuses through the polymer to the surrounding tissues and bodilyfluids. Release can also occur through degradation or erosion of thepolymer, in the case of an erodible or bioerodible polymer. Thedegradation or erosion of the polymer may occur through hydrolysis, byenzymatic degradation, or via other processes.

Drug release rates are also affected by washing of the implant prior toinsertion into the patient. Washed implants maintain a more-stablerelease rate after insertion; unwashed implants may show a significantlyhigher burst release immediately after implant. A burst release may bedetrimental to the patient, as local or systemic drug concentrationrises from zero to a potentially supra-therapeutic level rapidly.Initial burst may also unnecessarily deplete the drug depot and shortenthe duration of the release period. The implants may be washed with anysolvent in which the drug dissolves, such as water, ethanol,isopropanol, etc. Washing may be followed by drying to remove thesolvent. Drying may be followed by packaging and sterilization.

In some circumstances, an initial high dose of a drug is desirable, andin those circumstances washing of the device can be omitted in order toprovide for an initial burst as a loading dose. In certain embodimentsof the device, a layer of substantially pure pharmaceutical substance isplaced on the outside of the device, for an enhanced loading dose(initial dose).

In a non-limiting example, the extruded device can be cut into implantsof appropriate length, such as 2.6 cm. The extrudate may be, optionally,washed, e.g., with 95% ethanol at room temperature for 30 min to removesurface drug. The washed implants can be dried (e.g., air dried at roomtemperature for 30 min, then forced air at 40° C. for 1 hour, followedby vacuum drying at 30° C. for 24 hours) to remove residual ethanol.Implants may be placed in moisture barrier foil pouches, heat-sealed andthen sterilized using gamma irradiation (2.9-3.1 Mrads).

“Steady state plasma level” refers to an approximately constant level ofdrug over a period of time in the plasma of the subject or patient. Inone embodiment, a steady state plasma level or approximately constantlevel of drug varies by no more than about ±30% over a day, over a week,over a month, over three months, over six months, or over nine months,as compared to the mean or average plasma level over that time period.In another embodiment, a steady state plasma level or approximatelyconstant level of drug varies by no more than about ±20% over a day,over a week, over a month, over three months, over six months, or overnine months, as compared to the mean or average plasma level over thattime period. In another embodiment, a steady state plasma level orapproximately constant level of drug varies by no more than about ±10%over a day, over a week, over a month, over three months, over sixmonths, or over nine months, as compared to the mean or average plasmalevel over that time period. An “approximately constant release rate”indicates that an approximately constant level of the pharmaceuticalsubstance is released from the device over a period of time, such asover a day, over a week, over a month, over three months, over sixmonths, or over nine months. In some embodiments, the approximatelyconstant release rate is no more than about ±30%, ±20%, or ±10% over thetime period indicated, as compared to the average or mean release. Anapproximately constant release rate is preferred in order to achieve asteady state plasma level.

By “essentially constant” is meant that for about 95% of the extendedperiod of time, the concentration of drug in blood plasma is withinabout three, about two, or preferably about one standard deviation ofthe mean blood plasma level. Measurements of the blood plasma level canbe performed hourly, twice a day, daily, twice a week, weekly, every twoweeks, monthly, or at any other periodic interval for determination ofthe mean plasma levels. For example, if the mean blood plasma level of adrug sampled at weekly intervals is 2.0 ng/ml, and one standarddeviation of the measurement is ±0.1 ng/ml, then blood levels that fallwithin about ±0.3 ng/ml, about ±0.2 ng/ml, or preferably about ±0.1ng/ml for about 95% of the measurements are considered essentiallyconstant. By “extended periods of time” is meant from about 3 months toabout 1 year, or longer, e.g., at least about 3, about 6, about 9, about12, about 15, about 18, about 21, or about 24 months or more.

In embodiments where an initial burst or an initial loading dose isdesired (such as embodiments where excess pharmaceutical substance isnot washed off of the surface of the implant, or embodiments where theimplant is surrounded by a layer of pure drug), the period during whichthe initial burst or initial loading dose occurs is excluded from thecalculation of steady-state plasma levels or steady-state release rates,approximately constant plasma levels or approximately constant releaserates, or essentially constant plasma levels or essentially constantrelease rates. The initial burst period or initial loading dose periodends when the release rate or plasma level falls within the ranges asspecified above for steady-state, approximately constant, or essentiallyconstant.

Exemplary Polymers

The implantable device comprises a core comprising a core polymericmaterial (optionally also containing pharmaceutical substance),surrounded by one or more layers comprising a layer polymeric materialand a pharmaceutical substance. The core and layer polymeric materialsmay be the same or different. The core or any layer may also comprise amixture of two or more polymers; the core and the various layers maycontain different mixtures of polymers. The polymer can be bioerodibleor non-bioerodible. Thus, the core may comprise a bioerodible polymer,and the one or more surrounding layers also comprise bioerodiblepolymers. In another embodiment, the core may comprise a non-bioerodiblepolymer, while one or more surrounding layers may comprise a bioerodiblepolymer or polymers. In another embodiment, both the core and at leastone surrounding layer may comprise non-bioerodible polymers. Adjoininglayers surrounding the core may comprise bioerodible and non-bioerodiblepolymers, with the proviso that any bioerodible polymer layers arelocated outside any non-bioerodible polymer layers, that is, anybioerodible polymer layers are located farther from the core than anynon-erodible polymer layers.

As used herein, a “polymer” or “polymeric material” means amacromolecule comprising repeating monomer units or co-monomer units.The polymer may be bioerodible or non-bioerodible. The polymer may be ahomopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, or may contain more than threemonomers. The polymer is preferably biocompatible.

Exemplary polymers that can be used for making the device include:acrylics, agarose, alginate, and combinations, cellulose ethers,collagen, copolymers containing poly(ethylene glycol) and polybutyleneterephthalate segments (PEG/PBT) (PolyActive™), copolymers ofpoly(lactic) and glycolic acid, copolymers thereof with poly(ethyleneglycol), derivatives and mixtures thereof, dextran, dextrose, elastin,epoxides, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA copolymer), fluoropolymers,gelatin, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, maleic anhydride copolymers,methyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose, non-water soluble celluloseacetate, non-water soluble chitosan, non-water soluble hydroxyethylcellulose, non-water soluble hydroxypropyl cellulose, peptides,PLLA-poly-glycolic acid (PGA) copolymer (also known as poly-L-lacticacid-co-glycolic acid, or PLGA), poly (L-lactic acid),poly(2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate),poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate), poly(2-methoxyethyl methacrylate),poly(acrylamide), poly(alginic acid), poly(amino acids),poly(anhydrides), poly(aspartic acid), poly(benzyl glutamate),poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate), poly(caprolactone), poly(D,L-lactic acid),poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA), poly(D,L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLA/PCL) andpoly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGA/PCL),poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLA/PGA), poly(etherurethane urea),poly(ethyl glutamate-co-glutamic acid), poly(ethylene carbonate),poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), poly(glutamicacid), poly(glutamic acid-co-ethyl glutamate), poly(glycolic acid),poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PGA/PTMC), poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide), poly(imino carbonates), poly(leucine),poly(leucine-co-hydroxyethyl glutamine), poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide)(PLLA/PLA), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLLA/PGA), poly(lysine),poly(ortho esters), poly(orthoesters), poly(oxaamides), poly(oxaesters),poly(phosphate ester), poly(phosphazene), poly(phospho esters),poly(phosphoesters), poly(propylene carbonate), poly(propylene glycol),poly(pyrrole), poly(tert-butyloxy-carbonylmethyl glutamate),poly(tetramethylene glycol), poly(trimethylene carbonate), poly(ureas),poly(urethanes), poly(urethane-ureas), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylalcohol-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly[(97.5%dimethyl-trimethylene carbonate)-co-(2.5% trimethylene carbonate)],polyacrylic acid, polyalkylene oxides, polyamides, polycaprolactone(PCL) poly-(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer (PHBV),polycaprolactone (PCL), polycaprolactone co-butylacrylate,polydepsipeptides, polydioxanone (PDS), polyesters, polyethylene glycol,polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyglycolicacid and copolymers and mixtures thereof such as poly(L-lactide) (PLLA),polyglycolic acid[polyglycolide (PGA)], polyhydroxybutyrate (PHBT) andcopolymers of polyhydroxybutyrate, polyiminocarbonates, polylactic acid,polymethacrylic acid, polyolefins, polyphosphazene polymers,polypropylene fumarate, polysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid,polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE Teflon®), polyurethanes, silicones,tyrosine-derived polyarylates, tyrosine-derived polycarbonates,tyrosine-derived polyiminocarbonates, tyrosine-derived polyphosphonates,urethanes, and combinations, derivatives and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary erodible or bioerodible polymers that can be used for makingthe device include erodible or bioerodible forms of polyamide, aliphaticpolycarbonates, polyalkylcyanoacrylate, polyalkylene oxalates,polyanhydride, polycarboxylic acid, polyester, poly(hydroxybutyrate),polyimide, poly(iminocarbonate), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly-D,L-lacticacid (DL-PLA), polydioxanone, poly(glycolic acid), poly-L-lactic acid(L-PLA), poly-L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polyorthoester,polyphosphazenes, and polyphosphoester, poly(trimethylene carbonate),and derivatives and mixtures thereof. The polymer may also be formedfrom a material selected from the group consisting of cellulose ester,polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyester, polyether etherketone, polyethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene, polymethylmethacrylate,polyolefin, polypropylene, polysulfones, polytetrafluoroethylene,polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, silicone, andderivatives and combinations thereof.

Additional representative examples of the polymer for use in theinvention include, but are not limited to, ABS resins, acrylic polymersand copolymers, acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, alkyd resins, andcarboxymethyl cellulose, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers,cellophane, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, celluloseacetate, cellulose ethers, cellulose nitrate, cellulose propionate,copolymers of vinyl monomers with each other and olefins,ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymers, epoxy resins, ethylene vinylalcohol copolymer (commonly known by the generic name EVOH or by thetrade name EVAL), poly(glyceryl sebacate), poly(glycolicacid-co-trimethylene carbonate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate),poly(hydroxyvalerate), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(propylenefumarate), poly(trimethylene carbonate), polyacrylonitrile, polyamides,such as Nylon 66 and polycaprolactam, polycarbonates,polycyanoacrylates, polydioxanone, polyesters, polyethers, polyimides,polyisobutylene and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers, polyoxymethylenes,polyphosphoester urethane, polyvinyl ketones, polyvinyl aromatics, suchas polystyrene, polyvinyl esters, such as polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylethers, such as polyvinyl methyl ether, polyvinylidene halides, such asvinylidene fluoride based homo- or co-polymer under the trade nameSolef™ or Kynar™, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) orpoly(vinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) and polyvinylidenechloride, rayon, rayon-triacetate, silicones, vinyl halide polymers andcopolymers, such as polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of these polymerswith poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the polymer can be copolymers of poly(lactic) andglycolic acid, poly(anhydrides), poly(D,L-lactic acid),poly(D,L-lactide), poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(ethylenecarbonate), poly(glycolic acid), poly(glycolide), poly(L-lactic acid),poly(L-lactide), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(ortho esters),poly(oxaamides), poly(oxaesters), poly(phosphazenes), poly(phosphoesters), poly(phosphoesters), poly(propylene carbonate),poly(trimethylene carbonate), poly(tyrosine derived carbonates),poly(tyrosine derived iminocarbonates), poly(tyrosine derived arylates),copolymers of these polymers with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), orcombinations thereof.

Examples of non-bioerodible polymers useful in the present inventioninclude poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA), polyvinylalcohol andpolyurethanes, such as polycarbonate-based polyurethanes.

A preferred polymer for the devices is ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA).

Either the core or any layer of the device can comprise a single type ofpolymer or a mixture of two or more polymers. A mixture of two polymersmay modulate the release rate of the drug. It is desirable that aneffective therapeutic amount of the drug be released from the device fora reasonably long period of time. U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,121 to Yang et al.disclosed a method of altering the release rate by blending two polymerswith differing release rates and incorporating them into a single layer;this technique can also reduce burst release of drug upon implant.

Exemplary Pharmaceutical Substances for Use as the Core-layerPharmaceutical Substance, First-layer Pharmaceutical Substance, andAdditional Pharmaceutical Substances

As used herein, a “drug” or “pharmaceutical substance” is anybiologically active agent or other substance that has therapeutic valueto a living organism, including without limitation anti-thrombotics,anticancer agents, anticoagulants, anti-platelet agents, thrombolytics,anti-proliferatives, anti-inflammatories, agents that inhibitrestenosis, smooth muscle cell inhibitors, antibiotics, heparin, and thelike, and/or mixtures thereof and/or any substance that may assistanother substance in performing the function of providing therapeuticvalue to a living organism. Examples of suitable therapeutic andprophylactic agents include synthetic inorganic and organic compounds,proteins and peptides, polysaccharides and other sugars, lipids, and DNAand RNA nucleic acid sequences having therapeutic, prophylactic ordiagnostic activities. Nucleic acid sequences include genes, antisensemolecules that bind to complementary DNA to inhibit transcription, andribozymes.

Additional pharmaceutical substances which can be incorporated into thedevice include those listed in the Physicians' Desk Reference, 57thEdition (2003), including allergens, amebicides and trichomonacides,amino acid preparations, analeptic agents, analgesics,analgesics/antacids, anesthetics, anorexics, antacids, antihelmintics,antialcohol preparations, anti-allergics, antiarthritics, antiasthmaagents, antibacterials and antiseptics, antibiotics, antiviralantibiotics, anticancer preparations, anticholinergic drug inhibitors,anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antidiabetic agents,antidiarrheals, antidiuretics, antienuresis agents, anti-fibrin,antifibrinolytic agents, antifibrotics (systemic), antiflatulents,antifungal agents, antigonadotropin, antihistamines, antihyperammoniaagents, anti-inflammatory agents, antimalarials, antimetabolites,anti-migraine preparations, antinauseants, antineoplastics, anti-obesitypreparations, antiparasitics, anti-parkinsonism drugs, anti-platelet,antipruritics, antipyretics, anti-scarring, antispasmodics andanticholinergics, anti-thrombotics, antitoxoplasmosis agents,antitussives, antivertigo agents, antiviral agents, bismuthpreparations, bone metabolism regulators, bronchial dilators, calciumpreparations, cardiovascular preparations, central nervous systemstimulants, chelating agents, choleretics, cholesterol reducers andanti-hyperlipemics, colonic content acidifiers, cough and coldpreparations, decongestants, expectorants and combinations, diuretics,enzymes and digestants, fertility agents, fluorine preparations,galactokinetic agents, germicides, hematinics, histamine receptorantagonists, hormones, hydrocholeretics, hyperglycemic agents,hypnotics, immunosuppressives, mucolytics, muscle relaxants, narcoticantagonists, narcotic detoxification agents, ophthalmological osmoticdehydrating agents, otic preparations, oxytocics, parasympatholytics,parathyroid preparations, pediculicides, phosphorus preparations,premenstrual therapeutics, psychostimulants, quinidines,radiopharmaceuticals, respiratory stimulants, salt substitutes,scabicides, sclerosing agents, sedatives, sympatholytics,sympathomimetics, thrombolytics, thyroid preparations, tranquilizers,tuberculosis preparations, uricosuric agents, urinary acidifiers,urinary alkalinizing agents, urinary tract analgesic, vaginaltherapeutics and vitamins and other dietary supplements, and eachspecific compound or composition listed under each of the foregoingcategories in the Physicians' Desk Reference.

In another embodiment, the core pharmaceutical substance (if present),first-layer pharmaceutical substance, and additional pharmaceuticalsubstances are independently selected from the group consisting of:5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, analeptic agents, analgesics, angiotensinconverting enzyme, anticancer agents, anticancer preparations,anticholinergic drug inhibitors, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants,antidepressants, antidiabetic agents, antienuresis agents,anti-inflammatory agents, anti-obesity preparations, antiparasitics,anti-parkinsonism drugs, anti-platelet agents, anti-psychotics,antispasmodics and anticholinergics, anti-thrombotics, antiviral agents,bronchial dilators, calcium channel blockers, central nervous systemstimulants, cholesterol reducers and anti-hyperlipemics, diuretics,dopamine agonists, histamine H receptor antagonists, hormones, steroidhormones, peptide hormones, thyroid hormones, hormone mimetics, mimeticsof steroid hormones, mimetics of peptide hormones, mimetics of thyroidhormones, hyperglycemic agents, immunosuppressives, narcoticantagonists, narcotic detoxification agents, ophthalmological osmoticdehydrating agents, respiratory stimulants, restenosis-inhibitingagents, sympatholytics, thyroid preparations, and uricosuric agents.

In another embodiment, the core pharmaceutical substance (if present),first-layer pharmaceutical substance, and additional pharmaceuticalsubstances are independently selected from the group consisting ofanaleptic agents, analgesics, anticancer preparations, anticholinergicdrug inhibitors, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, antidepressants,antidiabetic agents, antienuresis agents, anti-inflammatory agents,anti-obesity preparations, antiparasitics, anti-parkinsonism drugs,antispasmodics and anticholinergics, anti-thrombotics, antiviral agents,bronchial dilators, central nervous system stimulants, cholesterolreducers and anti-hyperlipemics, diuretics, histamine H receptorantagonists, hormones, hyperglycemic agents, immunosuppressives,narcotic antagonists, narcotic detoxification agents, ophthalmologicalosmotic dehydrating agents, respiratory stimulants, sympatholytics,thyroid preparations, and uricosuric agents.

In another embodiment, the core pharmaceutical substance (if present),first-layer pharmaceutical substance, and additional pharmaceuticalsubstances are independently selected from the group consisting ofhormones, growth factors, angiopeptin, angiotensin converting enzymeinhibitors, captopril, cilazapril, and lisinopril.

In another embodiment, the core pharmaceutical substance (if present),first-layer pharmaceutical substance, and additional pharmaceuticalsubstances are independently selected from the group consisting ofanaleptic agents, analgesics, anticancer preparations, anticholinergicdrug inhibitors, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, antidepressants,antidiabetic agents, antienuresis agents, anti-inflammatory agents,anti-obesity preparations, antiparasitics, anti-parkinsonism drugs,antispasmodics and anticholinergics, anti-thrombotics, antiviral agents,bronchial dilators, central nervous system stimulants, cholesterolreducers and anti-hyperlipemics, diuretics, histamine H receptorantagonists, hormones, hyperglycemic agents, immunosuppressives,narcotic antagonists, narcotic detoxification agents, ophthalmologicalosmotic dehydrating agents, respiratory stimulants, sympatholytics,thyroid preparations, and uricosuric agents.

Some other examples of other bioactive agents include adhesion peptides,antibodies, antigens for immunization, blood clotting factors, enzymes,hormones and growth factors, inhibitors or clot dissolving agents suchas streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, oligonucleotides suchas antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes, receptor ligands, andretroviral vectors for use in gene therapy. Examples of such cytostaticsubstances include angiopeptin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitorssuch as captopril (e.g. Capoten® and Capozide® from Bristol-Myers SquibbCo., Stamford, Conn.), cilazapril or lisinopril (e.g. Prinivil® andPrinzide® from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.). An exampleof an anti-allergic agent is permirolast potassium. Other therapeuticsubstances or agents which may be appropriate include alpha-interferon,bioactive RGD, and genetically engineered epithelial cells. Theforegoing substances can also be used in the form of prodrugs orco-drugs thereof. The foregoing substances are listed by way of exampleand are not meant to be limiting. Other active agents which arecurrently available or that may be developed in the future are equallyapplicable. Examples include:4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-amino-TEMPO),antithrombins including sodium heparin, low molecular weight heparinsand heparinoids, argatroban, calcium channel blockers (such asnifedipine), colchicine, dextran, dipyridamole,D-phe-pro-arg-chloromethylketone (synthetic antithrombin), estradiol,fibroblast growth factor (FGF) antagonists, fish oil (omega 3-fattyacid), forskolin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptorantagonist antibody, hirudin, lovastatin (an inhibitor of HMG-CoAreductase, a cholesterol lowering drug, brand name Mevacor® from Merck &Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.), nitric oxide or nitric oxidedonors, nitroprusside, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostacyclin andpro stacyclin analogues, prostaglandin inhibitors, recombinant hirudin,serotonin blockers, steroids, super oxide dismutases, super oxidedismutase mimetic, suramin, thioprotease inhibitors, thrombin inhibitorssuch as Angiomax (Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.), triazolopyrimidine (aPDGF antagonist), vapiprost, and a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the core pharmaceutical substance (if present),first-layer pharmaceutical substance, and additional pharmaceuticalsubstances are independently selected from the group consisting ofcalcium channel blockers, nifedipine, and triazolopyrimidine.

Examples of anti-inflammatory agents including steroidal andnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include tacrolimus,dexamethasone, clobetasol, or combinations thereof.

Exemplary anticancer drugs which can be incorporated into the deviceinclude acivicin, aclarubicin, acodazole, acronycine, adozelesin,alanosine, aldesleukin, allopurinol sodium, altretamine,aminoglutethimide, amonafide, ampligen, amsacrine, androgens, anguidine,aphidicolin glycinate, asaley, asparaginase, 5-azacitidine,azathioprine, Bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG), Baker's Antifol (soluble),beta-2′-deoxythioguanosine, bisantrene HCl, bleomycin sulfate, busulfan,buthionine sulfoximine, ceracemide, carbetimer, carboplatin, carmustine,chlorambucil, chloroquinoxaline-sulfonamide, chlorozotocin, chromomycinA3, cisplatin, cladribine, corticosteroids, Corynebacterium parvum,CPT-11, crisnatol, cyclocytidine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine,cytembena, dabis maleate, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin HCl,deazauridine, dexrazoxane, dianhydrogalactitol, diaziquone,dibromodulcitol, didemnin B, diethyldithiocarbamate, diglycoaldehyde,dihydro-5-azacytidine, docetaxel, doxorubicin, echinomycin, edatrexate,edelfosine, eflomithine, Elliott's solution, elsamitrucin, epirubicin,esorubicin, estramustine phosphate, estrogens, etanidazole, ethiofos,etoposide, fadrazole, fazarabine, fenretinide, filgrastim, finasteride,flavone acetic acid, floxuridine, fludarabine phosphate, 5-fluorouracil,Fluosol®, flutamide, gallium nitrate, gemcitabine, goserelin acetate,hepsulfam, hexamethylene bis acetamide, homoharringtonine, hydrazinesulfate, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, hydroxyurea, idarubicin HCl,ifosfamide, interferon alpha, interferon beta, interferon gamma,interleukin-1 alpha and beta, interleukin-3, interleukin-4,interleukin-6,4-ipomeanol, iproplatin, isotretinoin, leucovorin calcium,leuprolide acetate, levamisole, liposomal daunorubicin, liposomeencapsulated doxorubicin, lomustine, lonidamine, maytansine,mechlorethamine hydrochloride, melphalan, menogaril, merbarone,6-mercaptopurine, mesna, methanol extraction residue of Bacilluscalmette-guerin, methotrexate, mifepristone, mitoguazone, mitomycin-C,mitotane, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, monocyte/macrophagecolony-stimulating factor, nabilone, nafoxidine, neocarzinostatin,octreotide acetate, ormaplatin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel (Taxol), pala,pentostatin, piperazinedione, pipobroman, pirarubicin, piritrexim,piroxantrone hydrochloride, PIXY-321, plicamycin, porfimer sodium,prednimustine, procarbazine, progestins, pyrazofurin, razoxane,sargramostim, semustine, spirogermanium, spiromustine, streptonigrin,streptozocin, sulofenur, suramin sodium, tamoxifen, taxotere, tegafur,teniposide, terephthalamidine, teroxirone, thioguanine, thiotepa,thymidine, tiazofurin, topotecan, toremifene, tretinoin, trifluoperazinehydrochloride, trifluridine, trimetrexate, tumor necrosis factor, uracilmustard, vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate, vindesine,vinorelbine, vinzolidine, Yoshi 864, zorubicin, and mixtures andderivatives thereof. Additional examples of anti-proliferative agentsinclude rapamycin and its functional or structural derivatives,40-O-(2-hydroxy)ethyl-rapamycin (everolimus), and its functional orstructural derivatives, paclitaxel and its functional and structuralderivatives. Examples of rapamycin derivatives include methyl rapamycin(ABT-578), 40-O-(3-hydroxy)propyl-rapamycin,40-O-[2-(2-hydroxy)ethoxy]ethyl-rapamycin, and 40-O-tetrazole-rapamycin.

In another embodiment, the anticancer drug or agent is selected from thegroup consisting of androgens.

Exemplary anti-inflammatory drugs which may be incorporated into thedevice include acetaminophen (Tylenol®), acetylsalicylic acid, APHS,aspirin, betamethasone, celecoxib, choline magnesium trisalicylate,cortisone, COX-2 inhibitors, desoxycorticosterone, dexamethasone,diclofenac, diflunisal, DuP-697, etodolac, etoricoxib, fenoprofen,flosulid, fludrocortisone, fluprednisolone, flurbiprofen,glucocorticoids, hydrocortisone, ibuprofen, indomethacin, JTE-522,ketoprofen, ketorolac, L-745337, L-748780, L-761066, lumiracoxib,mefenamic acid, meloxicam, meprednisone, methylprednisolone, nabumetone(Relafen®), naproxen, nimesulide, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDS), NS-398, oxaprosin, paramethasone, parecoxib sodium, piroxicam,prednisolone, prednisone, r-flurbiprofen, rofecoxib, RS-57067, S-2474,salicylic acid, SC-57666, SC-58125, sulindac, tenoxicam,alpha,beta,gamma-tocopherols, tocotrienols (and all their D,L andracemic isomers), tolmetin, triamcinolone, valdecoxib, and mixtures andderivatives thereof.

Exemplary anti-thrombotic agents which may be incorporated into thedevice include: Vitamin K antagonists such as Acenocoumarol,Clorindione, Dicumarol (Dicoumarol), Diphenadione, Ethyl biscoumacetate,Phenprocoumon, Phenindione, Tioclomarol, Warfarin; Heparin groupanti-platelet aggregation inhibitors such as Antithrombin III,Bemiparin, Dalteparin, Danaparoid, Enoxaparin, Heparin, Nadroparin,Parnaparin, Reviparin, Sulodexide, Tinzaparin; other plateletaggregation inhibitors such as Abciximab, Acetylsalicylic acid(Aspirin), Aloxiprin, Beraprost, Ditazole, Carbasalate calcium,Cloricromen, Clopidogrel, Dipyridamole, Eptifibatide, Indobufen,Iloprost, Picotamide, Prasugrel, Prostacyclin, Ticlopidine, Tirofiban,Treprostinil, Triflusal; enzymatic anticoagulants such as Alteplase,Ancrod, Anistreplase, Brinase, Drotrecogin alfa, Fibrinolysin, ProteinC, Reteplase, Saruplase, Streptokinase, Tenecteplase, Urokinase; directthrombin inhibitors such as Argatroban, Bivalirudin, Dabigatran,Desirudin, Hirudin, Lepirudin, Melagatran, Ximelagatran; and otherantithrombotics such as Dabigatran, Defibrotide, Dermatan sulfate,Fondaparinux, and Rivaroxaban.

In another embodiment, the anti-thrombotic agent is selected from thegroup consisting of Beraprost, Clopidogrel, and Iloprost.

Examples of anesthetics which may be incorporated into the deviceinclude but are not limited to: bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine.Further examples of pharmaceutical substances which can be used in thepresent invention are: analgesics, acetaminophen, anesthetics,benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, benzodiazepine, buprenorphine,carbamazepine, clonidine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone,levorphanol, lidocaine, meperidine, methadone, morphine, nalbuphine,narcotics, opioids, pentazocain, propoxyphene, tramadol, trimipraminemaleate, zaleplon, and derivatives, combinations and mixtures thereof.

Examples of antimicrobials which may be incorporated into the deviceinclude, but are not limited to, acetyl sulfisoxazole, alatrofloxacinmesylate, amoxicillin, ampicillin, atovaquone, azithromycin, aztreonam,carbenicillin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin,cefdinir, cefepime, cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefotetan,cefoxitin, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefprozil, ceftazidime, ceftazidime,ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime axetil, cefuroxime,cephalexin, cephalosporins, chlorhexidine, chlortetracycline,cilastatin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clindamycin,colistimethate, dalfopristin, dapsone, demeclocycline, dirithromycin,doxycycline, erythromycin and ethylsuccinate and stearate forms thereof,gatifloxacin, gentamycin, imipenem, levofloxacins, lincomycin,linezolide, loracarbef, meropenem, metronidazole, minocycline (or othertetracycline derivatives), moxifloxacin, neomycin, norfloxacin,ofloxacin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G benzathine, penicillin G,piperacillin, polymyxin B, quinupristin, rifabutin, rifampin,streptomycin, sulbactam, sulfacetamide, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline,ticarcillin, tobramycin, triclosan, trimethoprim, trovafloxacinmesylate, vancomycin, and combinations, derivatives and mixturesthereof.

Examples of antifungals include amphotericin B, caspofungin acetate,ciclopirox, clotrimazole, econazole, fluconazole, flucytosine,griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, micronazole, naftifine,pyrimethamine, terbinafin, and combinations, derivatives and mixturesthereof.

A subset of pharmaceutical substances of interest is buprenorphine,nalmefene, and dopamine agonists, such as apomorphine, lisuride,pergolide, bromocriptine, pramipexole, ropinerole, and rotigotine.

In another embodiment, the core pharmaceutical substance (if present),first-layer pharmaceutical substance, and additional pharmaceuticalsubstances are independently selected from the group consisting ofbuprenorphine and fentanyl.

Kinetics of Drug Delivery

Drug delivery can have a controlled release during the life of implant.In a multi-laminate device, which comprises a core comprising a polymerand multiple layers comprising polymer and drug, the varyingconcentration of drug in different layers can be used to modulate therate of drug delivery over time. In one embodiment, the device displaysa generally linear release of drug over time. In another embodiment,drug release from the device is approximately constant or essentiallyconstant over the lifetime of the device, or for a specified periodwithin the lifetime of the device. The drug is released from the device,layer by layer, from outer-most to inner-most layers. However, eachlayer will have a diameter and surface area smaller than the layeroutside it. Thus, layers closer to the interior will need to have ahigher concentration of drug than more outer layers, in order tomaintain an approximately constant or essentially constant rate of drugrelease. In another embodiment, the concentrations of druglayer-by-layer can be designed to create different rates of drugrelease. For example, if each layer contains the same or a lower drugconcentration than the adjoining outer-more layer, this will result in atapered, ever-decreasing rate of drug delivery. Modulatingconcentrations of drug layer-by-layer can also produce a slow rise indrug delivery over the lifetime of the implant or a specified periodduring the lifetime of the implant. Alternating layers of relativelyhigh and low concentrations of drug can produce a pulsed rate of drugdelivery that rises and falls over time.

The device may be designed such that the rate of drug delivery over timeis determined, at least in part, by total surface area, surface area ofeach successive layer, varying concentrations of drug per layer, andselection of polymer(s) in the device. The resultant concentration inthe blood plasma of drug delivered by the device may be at least about0.1 ng/ml blood plasma, generally about 0.1 to about 10 ng/ml. In someembodiments, the steady state of drug is about 1 to about 10 ng/ml bloodplasma. In other embodiments, the steady state plasma level of drug isabout 1 to about 6 ng/ml blood plasma. In one embodiment, more than oneimplantable device may be inserted into a patient to achieve a desiredlevel of drug concentration in the blood plasma. The level of drugdelivery is preferably within the therapeutic range of the drug andlower than a level that might cause toxicity. In one embodiment, thedevice can comprise multiple drugs. In one embodiment, the multipledrugs are integrated into the device and released layer by layer tomaintain steady-state levels of each drug throughout the duration ofimplant. In another embodiment, the drugs are distributed in varyingconcentrations layer by layer so that drug delivery may occur in waves,with a higher dosage of one drug released, followed by a higher dosageof another drug over time.

The device may be designed to provide a steady-state concentration ofdrug in the blood plasma. The device may be designed such that theresulting concentration of drug in the blood plasma remains essentiallyconstant over extended periods of time. The device may be designed suchthat the resulting concentration of drug in the blood plasma remainsapproximately constant over extended periods of time.

Insertion and Removal of Drug Delivery Device

In one method of this invention, the device is administered bysubcutaneous implantation. In various embodiments, the devices aresubcutaneously implanted at a site selected from a group consisting ofthe upper arm, scapular region, the back, the leg and the abdomen.Before implantation, the patient may be lightly anesthetized, e.g., withisoflurane or other anesthetic known in the art, and/or may havetopical, transdermal, or subcutaneous anesthetic applied at the site ofimplantation. A small incision can be made through the skin and a trocarinserted subcutaneously, then loaded with one implant. The stylet can beinserted to hold the implant in place and the trocar carefully removed,leaving the implant in the subcutaneous space. Each site can be suturedclosed and examined later. Complications such as skin irritation,inflammation, infection or other site-specific adverse effects can bemonitored and treated, e.g., with antibiotics, as needed.

In various embodiments, the device can be left in the body for up to oneyear or more. The period of sustained release of drug into the body isthus from about 3 months to about 1 year, or longer, e.g., at leastabout 3 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 9 months, atleast about 12 months, at least about 15 months, at least about 18months, at least about 21 months, or at least about 24 months or more.In some embodiments the device can be left in the body for more than 1year. Implants may be removed from the body at the end of the treatmentperiod, through an incision, e.g., a 3-mm incision, using forceps.

A second implant may, for example, be used to deliver a pharmaceuticalsubstance to counteract any adverse effects caused by a drug releasedfrom a first implant.

Multiple implants may be inserted into a single patient to regulate thedelivery of a single drug, or to deliver several drugs.

Buprenorphine-Containing Devices

In some embodiments of the devices, the core comprises a core polymericmaterial of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). The first layer surroundingthe core is made out of EVA, and contains the substance buprenorphine.

In one aspect the invention provides an implantable device for treatingopiate addiction, comprising buprenorphine and a biocompatible,nonerodible polymeric matrix in a first layer surrounding a core of abiocompatible, nonerodible polymer lacking said buprenorphine, whereinsaid buprenorphine is encapsulated within said matrix of the firstlayer, and wherein when said implantable device is implantedsubcutaneously in a mammal, said buprenorphine is continuously releasedin vivo over a sustained period of time through pores that open to thesurface of said matrix at a rate that results in a steady state plasmabuprenorphine level of at least about 0.1 ng/ml, typically in the rangeof about 0.1 to about 70 ng/ml. In some embodiments, the steady stateplasma buprenorphine level is about 0.1 to about 10 ng/ml, about 0.1 toabout 5 ng/ml, about 0.1 to about 3 ng/ml, about 0.1 to about 2 ng/ml,about 0.1 to about 1 ng/ml, about 0.1 to about 0.9 ng/ml, about 0.1 toabout 0.8 ng/ml, about 0.1 to about 0.7 ng/ml, about 0.1 to about 0.6ng/ml, about 0.1 to about 0.5 ng/ml, or about 0.5 to about 1 ng/ml. Inother embodiments, the steady state plasma buprenorphine level is about1 to about 10 ng/ml, about 1 to about 6 ng/ml, about 1 to about 5 ng/ml,about 1 to about 3 ng/ml, about 1 to about 2 ng/ml, or about 1 ng/ml. Insome embodiments, the polymeric matrix of both the core and the firstlayer comprises EVA. In some embodiments wherein the polymeric matrix ofboth the core and the first layer of the implantable device comprisesEVA, the vinyl acetate content can be about 2 to about 40, about 10 toabout 35, about 30 to about 35%, or about 33% by weight. TheEVA-buprenorphine blend of the first layer of the implantable devicesgenerally comprise about 10% to about 85%, such as about or at leastabout 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, or 85% buprenorphine,often about 50% to about 75% buprenorphine. In one embodiment, theEVA-buprenorphine blend of the first layer of the implantable devicecomprises about 50% buprenorphine and about 50% EVA. In anotherembodiment, the EVA-buprenorphine blend of the first layer of theimplantable device comprises about 66.7% buprenorphine and about 33.3%EVA. In another embodiment, the EVA-buprenorphine blend of the firstlayer of the implantable device comprises about 75% buprenorphine andabout 25% EVA. In various embodiments, the sustained period of time forbuprenorphine release is from about 3 months to about 1 year, or longer,e.g., at least about 3, 6, 9, or 12 months.

In another aspect, the invention provides an implantable device fortreating pain, including chronic pain or acute pain, comprisingbuprenorphine and a biocompatible, nonerodible polymeric matrix in afirst layer surrounding a core of a biocompatible, nonerodible polymerlacking said buprenorphine, wherein said buprenorphine is encapsulatedwithin said matrix of the first layer, and wherein when said implantabledevice is implanted subcutaneously in a mammal, said buprenorphine iscontinuously released in vivo over a sustained period of time throughpores that open to the surface of said matrix at a steady state rate ofat least about 0.1 mg per day, generally in the range of about 0.1 toabout 5 mg per day, about 0.1 to about 4 mg per day, about 0.1 to about3 mg per day, about 0.1 to about 2 mg per day, about 0.1 to about 1 mgper day, about 0.2 to about 5 mg per day, about 0.2 to about 4 mg perday, about 0.2 to about 3 mg per day, about 0.2 to about 2 mg per day,about 0.2 to about 1 mg per day, about 0.3 to about 5 mg per day, about0.3 to about 4 mg per day, about 0.3 to about 3 mg per day, or about 0.3to about 2 mg per day. In some embodiments, the steady state rate ofbuprenorphine release is about 0.1 mg per day, 0.2 mg per day, 0.3 mgper day, about 0.4 mg per day, about 0.5 mg per day, about 0.6 mg perday, about 0.7 mg per day, about 0.8 mg per day, about 0.9 mg per day,about 1.0 mg per day, about 1.1 mg per day, about 1.2 mg per day, about1.3 mg per day, about 1.4 mg per day, about 1.5 mg per day, about 2 mgper day, about 3 mg per day, about 4 mg per day, about 5 mg per day, invivo or in vitro. In some embodiments, the polymeric matrix of both thecore and the first layer comprises EVA. In some embodiments wherein thepolymeric matrix of both the core and the first layer implantable devicecomprises EVA, the vinyl acetate content can be about 2 to about 40,about 10 to about 35, about 30 to about 35%, or about 33% by weight. TheEVA-buprenorphine blend of the first layer of the implantable devicesgenerally comprise about 10% to about 85%, such as about or at leastabout 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, or 85% buprenorphine,often about 50% to about 75% buprenorphine. In one embodiment, theEVA-buprenorphine blend of the first layer of the implantable devicecomprises about 50% buprenorphine and about 50% EVA. In anotherembodiment, the EVA-buprenorphine blend of the first layer of theimplantable device comprises about 66.7% buprenorphine and about 33.3%EVA. In another embodiment, the EVA-buprenorphine blend of the firstlayer of the implantable device comprises about 75% buprenorphine andabout 25% EVA. In various embodiments, the sustained period of time forbuprenorphine release is from about 3 months to about 1 year, or longer,e.g., at least about 3, 6, 9, or 12 months.

In some embodiments, the implantable device for treatment of opiateaddiction or treatment of pain, such as chronic or acute pain, isproduced by an extrusion process. In various embodiments, the devicesare subcutaneously implanted at a site selected from the groupconsisting of the upper arm, the back, and the abdomen. In oneembodiment, extruded devices comprise dimensions of about 2.4 mm indiameter and about 2.6 cm in length. In other embodiments, extrudeddevices comprise dimensions of about 2 to about 3 mm in diameter andabout 2 to about 3 cm in length. In further embodiments, extrudeddevices comprises dimensions of about 0.5 to about 7 mm in diameter andabout 0.5 to about 5 cm in length. In further embodiments, extrudeddevices comprises dimensions of about 0.5 to about 7 mm in diameter andabout 0.5 to about 10 cm in length. In some embodiments in whichextruded devices comprise dimensions of about 2.4 mm in diameter andabout 2.6 cm in length, the devices each release about 1 mgbuprenorphine per day in vitro.

In some embodiments of the invention, the implantable devices areadministered by subcutaneous implantation. In various embodiments, thedevices are subcutaneously implanted at a site selected from the groupconsisting of the upper arm, scapular region, the back, the leg and theabdomen.

As used herein, “buprenorphine” refers to buprenorphine free base andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, such as buprenorphine HCl.Norbuprenorphine can also be used in place of buprenorphine.Incorporation of buprenorphine into the polymeric matrix causes theformation of a series of interconnecting channels and pores that areaccessible to the surface for release of the drug. Where appropriate, acoating that is impermeable to the drug is placed over at least aportion of the device to further regulate the rate of release. Whereappropriate, the device does not have any coating that is impermeable tothe drug. When implanted subcutaneously, devices of the inventioncontinuously release buprenorphine for an extended period of time with apseudo or near zero order release rate. After an initial burst followingimplantation, release rates are typically within about 10-20% of thesteady state average. In some embodiments, the initial burst ofbuprenorphine released in vivo after implantation is reduced orminimized by prewashing the implantable devices before implantation toremove surface buprenorphine. Prewashing may be performed in anysolution in which buprenorphine is soluble, for example 30 minutes inethanol or normal saline. The release rate can be altered by modifyingthe percent drug loading, porosity of the matrix, structure of theimplantable device, or hydrophobicity of the matrix, or by adding ahydrophobic coating to the exterior of the implantable device. Thedevices can deliver buprenorphine without the need for external medicalequipment such as intravenous lines or pumps.

Devices may be produced using an extrusion process, wherein ground EVAis blended with buprenorphine, melted, and extruded into rod-shapedstructures. Rods are cut into individual implantable devices of thedesired length, packaged, and sterilized prior to use. Other methods forencapsulating therapeutic compounds in implantable polymeric,nonerodible matrices are well known to those of skill in the art. Suchmethods include, for example, solvent casting (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.4,883,666, 5,114,719, and 5,601,835). A skilled artisan would be able toreadily determine an appropriate method of preparing such an implantabledevice, depending on the shape, size, drug loading, and release kineticsdesired for a particular type of patient or clinical indication.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and examples for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatcertain changes and modifications may be practiced without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the descriptionshould not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

1-30. (canceled)
 31. An implantable device for delivery of apharmaceutical substance to a patient, comprising: a core comprising acore polymeric material and optionally comprising a core pharmaceuticalsubstance; and a first layer comprising a first-layer pharmaceuticalsubstance and a first-layer polymeric material surrounding the core; andoptionally comprising one or more additional layers comprising anadditional pharmaceutical substance and an additional polymericmaterial, where the core polymeric material, first-layer polymericmaterial, and additional polymeric materials are the same or different,and where the core pharmaceutical substance (if present), first-layerpharmaceutical substance, and additional pharmaceutical substances arethe same or different; wherein at least one of the core pharmaceuticalsubstance (if present), first-layer pharmaceutical substance, andadditional pharmaceutical substances is ropinirole.
 32. The device ofclaim 31, wherein the device is substantially rod-shaped or cylindrical.33. The device of claim 31, wherein the core polymeric material andfirst-layer polymeric material are the same.
 34. The device of claim 31,wherein at least one of the core polymeric material, first-layerpolymeric material, and additional polymeric materials is different fromthe other materials.
 35. The device of claim 31, wherein at least one ofthe core polymeric material, first-layer polymeric material, andadditional polymeric materials of the optional layers is bioerodible,with the proviso that no bioerodible layer is located within anon-bioerodible layer.
 36. The device of claim 31, wherein at least oneof the core polymeric material, first-layer polymeric material, andadditional polymeric materials of the optional layers isnon-bioerodible, with the proviso that no bioerodible layer is locatedwithin a non-bioerodible layer.
 37. The device of claim 36, wherein thecore polymeric material, first-layer polymeric material, and additionalpolymeric materials of the optional layers are ethyl vinyl acetate(EVA).
 38. The device of claim 35, wherein the bioerodible material is abioerodible form of a member of the group consisting of: polyamide,aliphatic polycarbonates, polyalkylcyanoacrylate, polyalkylene oxalates,polyanhydride, polycarboxylic acid, polyester, poly(hydroxybutyrate),polyimide, poly(iminocarbonate), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly-D,L-lacticacid (DL-PLA), poly-L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA),polydioxanone, poly(glycolic acid), poly-L-lactic acid (L-PLA),polyorthoester, polyphosphazenes, polyphosphoester, andpoly(trimethylene carbonate).
 39. The device of claim 36, wherein thenon-bioerodible material is a non-bioerodible form of a member of thegroup consisting of: poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA),polyvinylalcohol, polyurethanes, and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes.40. The device of claim 31, wherein the core polymeric material,first-layer polymeric material, and additional polymeric materials ofthe optional layers are independently selected from the group consistingof: acrylics, agarose, alginate, cellulose ethers, collagen, copolymerscontaining poly(ethylene glycol) and polybutylene terephthalate segments(PEG/PBT), copolymers of poly(lactic) and glycolic acid, copolymersthereof with poly(ethylene glycol), dextran, dextrose, elastin,epoxides, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA copolymer), fluoropolymers,gelatin, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, maleic anhydride copolymers,methyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose, non-water soluble celluloseacetate, non-water soluble chitosan, non-water soluble hydroxyethylcellulose, non-water soluble hydroxypropyl cellulose, peptides,PLLA-poly-glycolic acid (PGA) copolymer (PLGA), poly (L-lactic acid),poly(2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate),poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate), poly(2-methoxyethyl methacrylate),poly(acrylamide), poly(alginic acid), poly(anhydrides), poly(asparticacid), poly(benzyl glutamate), poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate),poly(caprolactone), poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA),poly(D,L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLA/PCL) andpoly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) (PGA/PCL),poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLA/PGA), poly(etherurethane urea),poly(ethyl glutamate-co-glutamic acid), poly(ethylene carbonate),poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), poly(glutamicacid), poly(glutamic acid-co-ethyl glutamate), poly(glycolic acid),poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PGA/PTMC), poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide), poly(imino carbonates), poly(leucine),poly(leucine-co-hydroxyethyl glutamine), poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide)(PLLA/PLA), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLLA/PGA), poly(lysine),poly(ortho esters), poly(orthoesters), poly(oxaamides), poly(oxaesters),poly(phosphate ester), poly(phosphazene), poly(phospho esters),poly(phosphoesters), poly(propylene carbonate), poly(propylene glycol),poly(pyrrole), poly(tert-butyloxy-carbonylmethyl glutamate),poly(tetramethylene glycol), poly(trimethylene carbonate), poly(ureas),poly(urethanes), poly(urethane-ureas), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylalcohol-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly[(97.5%dimethyl-trimethylene carbonate)-co-(2.5% trimethylene carbonate)],polyacrylic acid, polyalkylene oxides, polyamides, polycaprolactone(PCL) poly-(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer (PHBV),polycaprolactone (PCL), polycaprolactone co-butylacrylate,polydepsipeptides, polydioxanone (PDS), polyesters, polyethylene glycol,polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyglycolicacid and copolymers and mixtures thereof, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA),polyglycolic acid[polyglycolide (PGA)], polyhydroxybutyrate (PHBT) andcopolymers of polyhydroxybutyrate, polyiminocarbonates, polylactic acid,polymethacrylic acid, polyolefins, polyphosphazene polymers,polypropylene fumarate, polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid,polytetrafluoroethylene), polyurethanes, silicones, tyrosine-derivedpolyarylates, tyrosine-derived polycarbonates, tyrosine-derivedpolyiminocarbonates, tyrosine-derived polyphosphonates, and urethanes.41. The device of claim 31, wherein the core polymeric material,first-layer polymeric material, and additional polymeric materials ofthe optional layers are independently selected from the group consistingof: cellulose ester, polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate,polyester, polyether ether ketone, polyethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene,polymethylmethacrylate, polyolefin, polypropylene, polysulfones,polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidenefluoride, silicone, ABS resins, acrylic polymers and copolymers,acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, alkyd resins, and carboxymethylcellulose, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, cellophane, cellulosebutyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, celluloseethers, cellulose nitrate, cellulose propionate, copolymers of vinylmonomers with each other and olefins, ethylene-methyl methacrylatecopolymers, epoxy resins, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (commonlyknown by the generic name EVOH or by the trade name EVAL), poly(glycerylsebacate), poly(glycolic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate),poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), poly(hydroxyvalerate),poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(propylene fumarate), poly(trimethylenecarbonate), polyacrylonitrile, polyamides, Nylon 66, polycaprolactam,polycarbonates, polycyanoacrylates, polydioxanone, polyesters,polyethers, polyimides, polyisobutylene and ethylene-alphaolefincopolymers, polyoxymethylenes, polyphosphoester urethane, polyvinylketones, polyvinyl aromatics, polystyrene, polyvinyl esters, polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyvinylidenehalides, vinylidene fluoride based homo- or copolymer, for example,polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) orpoly(vinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) and polyvinylidenechloride, rayon, rayon-triacetate, silicones, vinyl halide polymers andcopolymers, polyvinyl chloride, and copolymers of these polymers withpoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG).
 42. The device of claim 31, wherein thecore polymeric material, first-layer polymeric material, and additionalpolymeric materials of the optional layers are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of: copolymers of poly(lactic) and glycolicacid, poly(anhydrides), poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(D,L-lactide),poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(ethylene carbonate), poly(glycolicacid), poly(glycolide), poly(L-lactic acid), poly(L-lactide),poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(ortho esters), poly(oxaamides),poly(oxaesters), poly(phosphazenes), poly(phospho esters),poly(phosphoesters), poly(propylene carbonate), poly(trimethylenecarbonate), poly(tyrosine derived carbonates), poly(tyrosine derivediminocarbonates), poly(tyrosine derived arylates), and copolymers ofthese polymers with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG).
 43. The device of claim31, wherein the core polymeric material, first-layer polymeric material,and additional polymeric materials of the optional layers areindependently selected from the group consisting of: a co-polymer, atri-polymer and a tetra-polymer, and mixture of one or more polymers.44. The device of claim 31, wherein any of the core polymeric material,first-layer polymeric material, and additional polymeric materials ofthe optional layers comprises a mixture of two or more polymers.
 45. Thedevice of claim 31, wherein the first-layer pharmaceutical substance isropinirole.
 46. The device of claim 31, wherein the optional corepharmaceutical substance, first-layer pharmaceutical substance, andoptional additional pharmaceutical substances are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of ropinirole, nicotine, rotigotine,rasagiline, and selegiline; wherein at least one of the optional corepharmaceutical substance, first-layer pharmaceutical substance, andoptional additional pharmaceutical substances is ropinirole.
 47. Thedevice of claim 31, wherein each of the first and optional additionallayers has a different average concentration of pharmaceuticalsubstance; wherein at least one of the core pharmaceutical substance (ifpresent), first-layer pharmaceutical substance, and additionalpharmaceutical substances is ropinirole.
 48. The device of claim 47,wherein the average concentration of pharmaceutical substance in each ofthe first and one or more optional additional layers decreases withincreasing distance from the core.
 49. The device of claim 47, whereinthe average concentration of pharmaceutical substance in each of thefirst and one or more optional additional layers increases withincreasing distance from the core.
 50. The device of claim 31, whereinthe core comprising a core polymeric material is comprised of ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA); wherein the first-layer pharmaceutical substance isropinirole, and wherein the first-layer polymeric material is EVA. 51.The device of claim 50, wherein the first layer comprised of EVA andropinirole comprises about 10% to 85% ropinirole.
 52. The device ofclaim 31, wherein the optional core pharmaceutical substance,first-layer pharmaceutical substance, and optional additionalpharmaceutical substances are ropinirole.
 53. The device of claim 31,wherein the core comprises a core polymeric material and the optionalcore pharmaceutical substance is absent.
 54. A method for delivering anoptional core pharmaceutical substance, a first-layer pharmaceuticalsubstance, and optional additional pharmaceutical substances to apatient in need thereof, comprising the step of inserting a device ofclaim 31 subcutaneously into the patient; wherein at least one of thecore pharmaceutical substance (if present), first-layer pharmaceuticalsubstance, and additional pharmaceutical substances is ropinirole. 55.The method of claim 54, wherein the device remains implanted the patientfor at least about 3, about 6, about 9, about 12, about 15, about 18,about 21 or about 24 months.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein theconcentration of pharmaceutical substance in the blood is approximatelyconstant or essentially constant for at least about 3 months, about 6months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18months, about 21 months or about 24 months.